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For a long time after the invention of firearms in the 13th century, because of the poor range and accuracy, it is impossible to achieve effective and accurate shooting at a slightly longer distance. Basically, the aim is not correct, so it can only be fired in a dense array. The form of projection strikes power. Nevertheless, since the middle of the 15th century, some protrusions have been specially made on the gun body to provide the shooter with a reference for the direction of the muzzle, so as to ensure some hit rates. These are the early simple mechanical sights.
With the continuous advancement of glass lens manufacturing technology during the Renaissance, complex optical instruments that used the principle of optical refraction for magnification and observation began to appear, such as the optical microscope invented at the end of the 16th century. In 1608, the refracting telescope was invented by three Dutch spectacle technicians, and in the following three years, Galileo and Kepler made design improvements. The invention of the achromatic lens on the last page of the 18th century made the appearance of portable telescopes. Because telescopes allow people to observe distant targets that are difficult to see with the naked eye, they are widely used in astronomy, navigation, and battlefield reconnaissance observations.
With the invention of rifled guns, the accuracy and effective range of firearms continue to increase, so the need for telescope-assisted firearms for remote viewing and sighting is also increasing. Telescopic optical sights (also commonly known as sights) actually appeared earlier in the 17th century, but in the following two centuries they were basically never used in practice due to the limitations of the technology at that time. The real gun sight was developed by the British engineer John R. Chapman (John Radcliffe Chapman, 1815~1899) and the famous American gunsmith Morgan James (Morgan James, 1815~ 1878) Two people collaborated on the design and invention. In 1855, New York engineer William Malcolm (1823 ~ 1890) improved and commercialized the design of the sight, greatly improving the accuracy and applicability at different ranges, making similar sights (such as the same period) The sight produced by Vermont jeweler LM Amidon) became a common accessory on precision marksman rifles as early as the Civil War.
Three single-shot rifles of the American Civil War equipped with the Malcolm 1855 Hi-Lux 6x scope, from left to right: Hawken and Whitworth in the front, and Berdan Sharps in the back. The scope is basically fixed directly on the gun body.
Early scopes were fixed on the top of the gun's receiver with screws directly through the scope ring, but this method of fixing is very troublesome if you need to disassemble and replace the sights, and it is almost impossible to go at any time. Finely adjust the front and back position of the collimator. If the screw holes for installing the mirror ring are slightly skewed, or the front and rear mirror rings are slightly rotated and offset during the screwing process, not only the accuracy will be affected due to the uneven arrangement, but also the lateral bending pressure will be applied to the mirror body, which will be long-term It will cause material fatigue and damage the collimator. Therefore, when using this traditional method to fix the scope, special tools are needed to ensure that the lens ring will not be distorted, which is very time-consuming and labor-intensive.
To solve this problem, rail mount bases began to appear in the early 20th century.
To put it simply, the guide rail design is to slide the bottom of the adjusting ring of the sight into the groove on the receiver, and then tighten the screw to increase the lateral friction to fix the sight. It is very convenient to install accessories on this guide rail design. There is no need to drill additional screws on the gun body, and because the guide rail is easier to maintain straight in processing, so as long as the accessories are qualified to ensure that the bottom is fixed at a right angle, it is basically It can ensure that the front and rear mirror rings are aligned. Because this kind of groove was later inspired by the dovetail (dovetail) commonly used in woodworking, the cross section is often made into an inverted trapezoid, which looks like an unfolded bird's tail, so it is called a dovetail rail (dovetail rail, which should actually be translated into "Dovetail" or "Dovetail" is right), also known as dovetail slot. In fact, most of the rail systems used to install sights and other accessories invented in later generations were dovetail series, including the later Weaver and Picatinny (the edges on both sides were turned into bevels, But the cross-section is still a shape with a wide top and a narrow bottom), but now the term "swallowtail" specifically refers to the original inverted wedge dovetail guide with sharp edges and corners.